Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Nigeria Labor Practices and Policies

For the past years the company has been experiencing hampered development in terms of production and distribution of our clothing line. This slow setback has been seen as a result of inadequate marketing railing against exposure and product brand recall. Erroneous decisions in market positioning have also been some of the factors that resulted to poor outcome thus hindering the company's gain for profit. This paper is geared towards exploring new avenues with regards to new locations in the clothing line market. We would try to investigate three referred locations in countries in Latin America and Africa, namely Bolivia, Sri Lanka and Nigeria. As part of our initial recommendation, this paper would be focusing its first part of the report to the country of Nigeria. Based on preliminary investigation done, Nigeria is being viewed as the most conducive and most advantageous among the three countries in this case study. All of the necessary issues and concerns would be tackled and be briefly discussed on the foregoing items. Like any other sovereign country, labor policies in Nigeria are being controlled and monitored by the government. Labor union practices are allowed by the state, as part of the international community, Nigeria has signed and ratified the International Labor Organization's (ILO) convention on freedom of association and the creation of labor union. however, prior (military) rulers recognized a single central labor body, the Nigerian Labor Congress (NLC), thereby de-legitimizing other unions. Except for members of the armed forces and selected employees essential by the government, Nigerian workers in all levels may join trade unions and strike. Employees essential to government operations include firefighters, police, employees of the central bank, the security printers (printers of currency, passports, and government forms), and customs and excise staff. Collective bargaining is widespread in many sectors of the economy. Nigerian law specifically the Nigerian Industrial Courts, an independent arm of the judiciary protects workers from retaliation by employers for labor activity. In terms of the protection of Nigerian Children against child labor, Nigeria's 1974 labor decree prohibits employment of children under 15 years of age in commerce and industry and restricts other child labor to home-based agricultural or domestic work. The law further stipulates that no person under the age of 16 may be employed for more than eight hours per day. The decree allows the apprenticeship of youths under specific conditions Labor laws in Nigeria also enforce strict compliance on the safety of its workers. Just compensation for injured workers and dependent survivors of those killed in industrial accidents are rigorously being imposed on employers. Cultural Attitude Towards Women and Children As in many ethnically diverse countries, women's role in Nigeria is based on ethnic and regional differences. Majority of the Nigerian women that are still secluded under Islamic beliefs and principles are commonly less educated and sometimes hindered from formal education. Most of urban Nigerian Women are working as stall vendors operating small stalls. Even in elite families of the society, Nigerian women's presence in social gatherings and other functions are either non-existent or very controlled. However, in contemporary times Nigerian women's presence in modern society is rising but is still a long foreseeable future for Nigerian women's role in a country dominated by the principles of old of the male gender. Children are treated as a part of the minority of the society. As mentioned on labor laws being enforced by the government, children are allowed to work providing they are not below 16 years old. In western nations the legal working age of children or minors are 18 and above, this fact just shows that opportunities for children to work is open at a younger age in Nigeria. At present, Nigerian fashion is greatly influenced by both Nigerian ethnic culture and western influence. The presence of diverse style in terms of influences has come a long way in Nigerian fashion. Many noted personalities in the country evolved as icon in the Nigerian fashion industry, many of them have international recognition. Nigeria has designers like Maufechi, Divine, Monami, Kess Jabari, Meggito to mention a few. The presence of Nollywood, the cinematic center of Nigeria similar to that of Hollywood serves as a typical role model to the existing fashion statements in Nigeria. Opral Benson, an African fashion designer par excellence describes fashion as; â€Å"Fashion is continuously changing. You cannot compare the fashions of these days†¦.. Fashion is something which is local, national and international. In short, fashion all over the world is a quite dynamic phenomenon. Fashion trends evolves from ethnic to modern styles, rejuvenating the fashion of early years in Africa towards the influences from Europe and Western countries specifically Afro-American fashion statements from the US. Famous brands from western designers like Versace and Tommy Hill Figger is presently being adored by upper class society in Nigeria, thus only proving that blends in fashion is striving gracefully in the country. Nigeria being the most populated country in the African Continent is considered as a third world developing country. Its people are ethnically divided and have some 250 ethnic groups, with varying languages and customs, creating a country of rich diversity. According to Country Studies, US ; About 70 percent of all Nigerians were still living in farming villages in 1990, although the rural dwellers formed a shrinking proportion of the later force. It was among these people that ways of life remained deeply consistent with the past. Nigerian economy is at its recovery and development stage and is presently undergoing massive reforms to uplift the countries economic standing. The importance of formal education has been one of the primary concerns of the Nigerian Federal Republic and has become the largest social program of the government. At present more than 47% of the age group of 5 to 14 years old have attended primary to secondary schools. The secondary level age-group (ages fifteen to twenty- four) represented approximately 16 percent of the entire population in 1985. English is the official mode of instruction above the secondary level of education. Federal Republic is the form of government of Nigeria. Historically, Nigeria re-achieved democracy in 1999 after a sixteen-year-long interruption by a corrupt and brutal series of military dictators and counter-coups. Corruption is still one of the worse problems that the government is facing. Nevertheless and as always in a third world government, new reforms are being undertaken to subdue art of this problem. The Club of Paris considers the economic reforms and policies of the present government under the leadership of President Olu gun ? basanj? is being considered strong and formidable. With a positive outlook, it must be important to note that the prevailing advantageous situation existing in the Federal Government of Nigeria is in sum conducive and serves as a credible prospect to establish a boutique and a manufacturing plant. The existing labor laws of the country are favorable to the type of employment that the plant will need in its operations. The improving educational level of attainment and literacy rate of the prospective employees will be a key factor in streamlining plant and factory operations. The countries demographics being the largest population in West Africa and social conditions as mentioned on previous case finding points out considerably fair in attaining production growth in terms of sales and distribution of primary clothing line. Government reform policies in its economy and foreign policies will trigger our company's goal to expand and export high quality products produced in the Nigerian based manufacturing plant. Last but not the least, the high fashion sense of Nigerians in terms of garments, in diverse influence and style will be a vast market for our products. The presence of a moving industry like Hollywood will serve as a high level market trend setter that would provide consistent promotion of our clothing line. In summation, Nigeria will not only serve as a good place to establish a manufacturing plant but will also provide the company s a vast market to distribute our products. A country situated in central South America with the present Unity Government headed by President Evo Morales of the Movement Towards Socialism (MTS) Party. The country is highly dominated by indigenous people of Bolivia comprising almost 65% of its population. Bolivia experienced several military government takeovers in the past 5 decades. In terms of Economy, Bolivia is one of the least developed countries in South America and remains to be the poorest among its neighboring nations. Around 65% of the countries population are considered agriculturally dependent and still lives in poverty. The social condition of Bolivia hinders its opportunity to grow as nation. With a large number of grievances coming from the majority of Bolivian indigenous people, ranging from issues like poverty, labor disputes, political issues among other things. Bolivia is still experiencing traditional division of classes of which the working class remains to be in destitute. Political instability has been also a great factor in the slugging economy of the country. The presence of several political parties with contradicting policies and principles thwarts the countries emancipation from political turmoil. Disputes between labor and the state deepened under military rule. Bolivia was a country torn apart by regional, ethnic, class, economic, and political divisions. In terms of education, the present negative standing of Bolivian Government delays the development of general education in the country. Data from US Country Studies on Bolivia detects; Dropout rates also remained extremely high. Only one-third of first graders completed the fifth grade, 20 percent started secondary school, 5 percent began their postsecondary studies, and just 1 percent received a university degree. Dropout rates were higher among girls and rural children. Only about 40 percent of rural youngsters continued their education beyond the third grade. Since poverty is the primary problem of the country, the overall spending of an average family relatively allotted to basic necessities such as food and shelter. Overall the obstructing difficulties surrounding Bolivia's national predicament and dilemma have made our conclusion that the country is the least among the three case study countries to establish a manufacturing plant and boutique. A country founded in the midst of racial difficulties, diversified religion and relatively unstable political system. Having a similar caste system as India, its mother nation, social divisions have had a direct and weighty impact on politics. These obstacles have produced several civil wars and created dent on the national standing of Sri Lanka for the past decades. Ethnic rivalries also add unstable issues among political parties. Unsound political situation and issues regarding security have been a part of the struggle of the economic standing of Sri Lanka. Violence has continued to dominate its criminal and justice system. Enforcement of labor laws and policies are still being considered by analyst as inconsistent. Labor unions are highly politicized with a variety of organizations representing different political parties. With regards to factory and manufacturing operations, certain holidays, cultural and practices such as the working time frame of women deter and delays production. Education, however, have been a primary concern of the government. In the modern educational system of Sri Lanka, within the last four decades the rate of literacy went up to 46%, the number of schools increased by 50%. Teachers place second as part of the government workforces next to the plantation workers. With some positive notes on the standing of Sri Lanka, still the matter of security risk and political and social class instability contributes highly to the reason why our team rejected the country as a prospective location to set up and establish future manufacturing plant and boutique for our new clothing line. If such conditions and issues would be addressed in the near future, Sri Lanka might be considered and be included in future studies.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Families in poverty in Australia Essay

One of the important global plan is to eliminate poverty by 2015 as per UN Millennium Development Goals. Every day approximately 30,000 children are losing precious lives due to living in precarious conditions. (Make Poverty History) It is high time to bring a big change in the lives of people who deserve to meet the minimum needs for living. Not just one nation or two whereas a collective effort of all people beginning from Australia to the remote parts of other nations, is required to completely eradicate poverty. Especially in Australia poverty is on the rise from 7. 6 per cent to 9.9 per cent between the period of 1994-2004 (Australian Fair Campaign) Poverty levels are at a higher rate when compared with the poverty line of UK and Ireland. In spite of the fact that Australia’s economy is growing, there are two million Australians living in poverty according to (ACOSS) Australian Council of Social Service. Australia is ranked 14th in the developed world for poverty (UN Human Poverty Index) â€Å"There are two many areas where Australia is falling behind other OECD nations† â€Å"Governments need to ensure the benefits of the economic prosperity are shared with all Australians†(ACOSS President Lin Hatfield Dobbs) The following indicate the status of people in Australia as on September 2001. (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (a) There were 672,500 unemployed (officially) (b) There were 563,500 underemployed (c) 800,000 would like to work more This paper picks an issue of families living in poverty especially belonging to Australia which is a renowned nation for tourism and rich in natural resources. What are the ground reasons for continuous existence of poverty in a nation where there are industries, clean environment and beautiful landscapes which encourage foreign tourists to choose Australia as a destination point to reside either as a tourist or as an immigrant. Similarly, there are reputed educational institutions and universities in Australia which if collectively notified that a greater number of foreign students enroll for career advancements in Universities of Australia than the domestic students of Australia. This gives out a fact that, people around the world select and consider Australia as one of the best nation to opt for to reside as an immigrant, as a tourist, as a foreign student or for expansion of business ventures. An overall view about Australia as a nation produces a fact that, it invites tourists of all cultures and backgrounds and offers a multi-ethnicity atmosphere to all its residents. In the order of pursuing other priorities of economic development of nation, Australia could possibly be giving a lenient view to its domestic citizens and families in providing jobs, medical health schemes which otherwise are provided at a lesser cost in the other parts of Europe, in order to take care of its citizens as a premium issue, which is very important economic aspect that resident families are cared and nurtured after all families make societies which in turn make a healthy nation. In order to find how well and happy families are, a poll opinion was considered by Brother hood of St. Laurence in Australia which revealed that a mindset of middle class economy is prevalent and poverty is always secondary (Stewart 1996). An analysis and understanding of poverty has basically two phases. (1) a phase of listening (2) a phase of dialogue. Brotherhood has considered the poll of general public, group discussions, politicians, academics, telephone interviews, business leaders, community leaders which included both qualitative and quantitative findings. Basing on the general public opinion, the following findings were the result of Brotherhood’s research on poverty in Australia. Firstly and quite observantly, Brotherhood stated that poverty is least rated at 5 per cent as compared to any other issue such as unemployment, education, health, environment and other chronic issues of narcotics and games of casino or betting. The other ratings are, drugs at 25%, unemployment at 17%, divide between rich and poor at 16%, education at 13%, health at 9%, environment at 9%, gambling at 7% and poverty at 5%. Poverty line as established by Henderson in 1973 explains that an income of $62. 70 is a benchmark which is a disposable income for a family of four. (parents + two children).

Learning and Advertisement Essay

Q: 1 Does this advertisement informed me? Yes it does. It is advertisement by TAPAL family mixture. I learned from this add that how we live in our family? And how to do respect others. And also tells the importance of a family and relations that are very important for everyone. This advertisement tells that relations and happiness makes a complete home. This is important for every to know how to make a family and how to live in a family especially for girls this is very knowledgeable advertisement. Q:1 b) What did you get from this advertisement? I know from this advertisement about a happy family and the importance of a complete family. And how they live in a joined family with love and care. This advertisement conveys a message to young generation to do respect the elders. Q:1 c) Where you can apply this awareness? I can apply this awareness at my home, to do the respect of my elders and love with my younger’s, and also take care of my family members. And informed my friends that they should also see this advertisement and learn the lesion that how to make a complete home. Q: 2 Does this advertisement claim anything? Yes it does. It claims that TAPAL family mixture is a complete tea, and makes a complete home or family. That’s why most of people who are emotional they targeted to buy this product. Q: 3 Does this advertisement use pressure selling? Yes it does. Because it targeting the emotions of people. Target our family and inspired specially girls who are married and want to beautiful and complete home. Use some sentences that show pressure selling. Q: 4 Does this advertisement fulfill the criteria of business ethics? Yes it does because the language which used in this advertisement is good, which is not cross the limits, and we see this advertisement with our family members. This advertisement shows the positive impact on people. Overall environment of this advertisement is good and we learn so many things from this advertisement, this advertisement shows our culture and spread a message that how to live in a family, and make a happy family. www. youtube. com/watch? v=ekHv1IY9_Bc.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Socialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Socialization - Essay Example Symbolic meanings in symbolic interactionism refer to the way social interactions are interpreted within a given context. Roles are defined by each relationship within the context of the participants in that relationship. Therefore, the role of husband or wife may not necessarily be literally gender oriented as much as role specific. In this, way, relationships need not conform to traditional constructs; therefore there is no need for the traditional approach to marriage to ensure its success. A healthy marriage is dependent upon the extension of â€Å"me† in the role of â€Å"I†. In order for a person to make a healthy choice for marriage, four important concepts must be well defined within the individual: 1) the concept of knowing the self well, â€Å"me† - who I am, 2) the concept of what â€Å"me† means to the world around me, how â€Å"I† perform my roles, 3) knowing what I have to offer of myself to another individual, â€Å"I†, and 4) what I need to receive from another individual with regards to their performance of â€Å"me†, in order to feel accepted, connected, and valued in that relationship. ... This is the first step in preparation for choosing a marriage partner. Our socialization through the life cycle offers abundant feedback regarding who others perceive us to be. If we agree with that perception, then we continue in those roles; if we don’t agree, then we begin to investigate ways to change that might influence other’s perception of us. This kind of fine tuning takes on a heightened awareness as we move toward adulthood. Young people try on many roles before finding what’s comfortable for them. When we have arrived at a comfort level in whom we are as perceived by the world around us, then our roles are more established; from this springboard, we begin to search for fulfillment. The next step is in looking around to find another person with whom we can begin to relate on a close and personal level. The satisfaction of this basic need is not necessarily equally important for all individuals; however most find it a driving force in adulthood. Sociali zation in adulthood is largely defined by the interactions between associates in the workplace, peers, and significant others, comprising our continued growth and development along the human journey. The roles we assume in each area give us a chance to further define who â€Å"me† is. When â€Å"I† perform the role of â€Å"me†, then I am either attracted to or repelled by others. Often in relationships there is conflict between who â€Å"me† is because â€Å"I† am acting in a role where there is role strain and a sense of discomfort. Such conflicts usually surface in a negative way to also strain the relationships. It is only through careful communication and acceptance of that role by the significant other that the relationship can be saved while the relationship is in

Sunday, July 28, 2019

The Basis Of The Contract Between The Company And Its Members Case Study - 2

The Basis Of The Contract Between The Company And Its Members - Case Study Example Enforcement of contract arises when one of the parties commits a breach of terms and conditions of the contract. Section 14 of the Company Act 2006 (CA) makes the articles of association, on registration of the company, to become a contract between the company and members and it has been observed by Stein LJ in Bratton Seymour service Co Ltd v Oxborough1that â€Å"it is a statutory contract of special nature with distinctive features†2 Within the perspective of company law, it is of special nature because the terms of contract can be varied by special resolution and its enforcement by the members is limited to a certain extent and no outsider has any rights. And section 33(1) of the CA provides for a number of ways to be different from a normal contract. The provisions of the constitution of a company bind the company and its members in a manner as if there are covenants on the part of the company and on the part of each of its members to comply with those provisions. This position emerges once the company is registered as set in section 33 (1) of the CA. It, therefore, follows that prov isions in the articles are enforceable by the company against its members, by a member against another member, and by a members against the company limited to their membership rights of attending meetings, voting, eligibility for dividend and to assert the rights to ensure that the company is managed as per the constitution. Usually, there will be a condition in the articles to provide for referring by the company to arbitration disputes between the company and members. A company can enforce compliance of this obligation. This is supported by the decision in Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep-Breeders’ Association where the court upheld the relevant clause in the articles for arbitration.

Saturday, July 27, 2019

A quel point la perscution des minorits refltait-elle la volont des Essay - 1

A quel point la perscution des minorits refltait-elle la volont des forces doccupation et quel point refltait-elle des tendances au sein de la socit franaise elle-mme - Essay Example t de la droite politique blà ¢mà © [certains politiciens] pour la « excà ¨s  »de Vichy ».1 Pendant ce temps, Vichy a luttà © pour maintenir son appel mà ©tropolitaines, mais il a à ©tà © aux prises avec les problà ¨mes sociaux qui ont de persà ©cuter un segment de la socià ©tà © franà §aise. La zone non occupà ©e de la [France] et lassistance nà ©cessaires administration à ©conomique.2 Il y avait des problà ¨mes majeurs. Les deux Franà §ais et Britanniques ont combattu pour lindà ©pendance de la France. "Dans la campagne de 1940 les Franà §ais se sont battus courageusement, mais ... [l]es Britanniques ont combattu beaucoup plus obstinà ©ment ... ».3 Pour donner un peu de contexte, lAllemagne avait acquis une partie de la France qui a à ©tà © envahie par les gens.  «En occupant la moitià © nord du pays et toute la cà ´te Atlantique, lAllemagne sest approprià © le partie la plus riche et le plus peuplà © de la France mà ©tropolitaine ».4 En raison de loppression de son peuple, la rà ©putation de Vichy est à   jamais ternie. "Lhistoire de Vichy, en cette epoque, abonde en pareils trompe-lÅ“il ».5 À la dà ©fense du peuple juif, les combats ont à   lEst. "Par consà ©quent, au cours de la plupart des annà ©es de combats sur le front de lEst (oà ¹ la majeure partie de larmà ©e allemande a à ©tà © engagà ©), les conditions sont devenues de plus en plus semblables à   celles sur le front occidental dans la Premià ¨re Guerre mondiale ».6 Il semblait que beaucoup de gens mà ©prisaient les Juifs, cà ©tait un sentiment populaire et à   la mode dà ©pouser à   là ©poque. "Mà ªme aprà ¨s la guerre, Xavier Vallat revendiquà ©e, avec quelque raison, que lanti-sà ©mitisme de Vichy avait rà ©flà ©chi volontà © populaire. Dans les registres tenus par ladministration franà §aise au cours de 1940-1944 il ya des signes à ©vidents de lantipathie populaire pour les Juifs, en particulier pour les rà © fugià ©s juifs à ©trangers ... ... rà ©pandre sur les Juifs dorigine franà §aise ainsi  ».7 Pendant ce temps, le cerveau se cache derrià ¨re la

Friday, July 26, 2019

International Investments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Investments - Essay Example ne thing that makes Indian stock market as a good long term investment according to the article â€Å"Advantages for NRIS investing in the Indian Market† 2011, is that most of its stocks are correctly valued, returns of investment are excellent and its stock market is well regulated. In my observation, based on financial reports, India has a booming economy and is one of the emerging economies next to China. As such, confidence of investors is rising such that there are continuing interests from foreign multinationals on Indian companies. As compared to United States that is experiencing a slow economic growth; investors are losing interest of holding US dollars and therefore lessen interest in US investment. These investors now look for new investments in emerging countries like China, India and Brazil. India has advantage on this as the government continuously works on its deregulation and free market principles to attract investments. Because of the investors’ intere sts, the economy of India is expected to improve further and reach a high GDP figure of 10%, and economic growth will continue on years to come. Economic activities along this line are take-over, acquisitions and mergers and are spreading on iron and steel, spirits, manufacturing, auto parts, not just IT, and equity. Investment in the Indian debt securities, I believe, is a good investment because according to BSE (2011), the Indian debt market is one of the largest in Asia. Securities are issued by the government (central and state), public sector, other government bodies, financial institutions, banks and corporations. As such, the fixed income securities become one of the most attractive investment opportunities since it provides safety of investments, adequate liquidity, and flexibility in structuring a portfolio, easier monitoring, long term reliability and assured returns (India Debt Market, 2010). Fixed income securities may either be interest-bearing bonds, varied type of debt

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - Research Paper Example Therefore, there must be the fulfillment of the obligation to create positive living within the individual. The balance should be maintained between their psychological and physiological health. One of the chief causes of an unhealthy societal living is witnessed in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Kichin (2004) defines the condition as an invisible injury that causes a long-term effect on the affected individual. PTSD has been defined as an emotional condition, normally termed as an anxiety disorder resulting from a terrifying life experience that is considered damaging to the individual. The sufferers of the condition exhibit the avoidance state where they consider places, people or events unsecure for fear of reliving the condition. The patients are sensitive towards societal events and depict the condition termed as hypererousal (Drden-Edwards and Stoppler, 2012). The creation of the condition has been realized in lasting impressions that had threatened the healthy societal engagement in these individuals and affect their emotional condition. Such individuals had experienced either a physical abuse, sexual, severe loss or an increased natural calamity that had not been expected. These creations have the tendency of reoccurring and events that are closely linked to the fete are witnessed as life threatening. PTSD presents numerous symptoms, affecting individuals of a diverse demographic, but there have been countermeasures to limit the condition and create positive living. Causes and Effects The condition results after a negative life threatening condition that the patient observes as may reoccur and create mental insecurity. The experience may be described as having a prolonged physical scar or mark on the patient to remind them of the experience faced. In the U.S., the data is explained that an increasing number of 7-8% of the total population develops the condition with the leading causes being rape and combat veterans. The condition may be witnessed more in children who are subjected to the conditions due to their vulnerability. Moreover, girls more than boys experience the condition due to the lack of a security figure to protect them from adverse conditions (Schiraldi, 2000). The state of being subjected to trauma, or witnessing events that are life threatening that depicts both physical and emotional damages has been the chief cause of PTSD. Schiraldi (2000) suggest that the victims are diagnosed with effects from negative life experiences like mugging, civil disorder, mental and physical torture that may have the tendency to reoccur causing the sufferer to reminisce on the experience. However, some patients diagnosed with the condition may face a separate experience that may have been caused by an immediate occurrence of an event. These are in divorce or unemployment realized to create discomfort in their state of living. Trauma presents variable physical impacts to the individual to depict the characteristic throughout th eir lifestyle to identify the condition. Researchers have offered the link to reduced hippocampus, which is charged with the role of memory within the brain, for people who experience the stressful conditions within their lifetime. Shiromani, LeDoux & Keane (2009) articulate that persons who experience PTSD have smaller hippocampus and depict an increased tendency towards substance abuse as compared to healthy persons. The mostly abused drugs are cigarettes, marijuana and alcohol that the affected

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Cannell Ltd Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cannell Ltd - Case Study Example There is very little likelihood of profitability increasing in the near future, so either labour costs or materials costs will have to be cut back. Materials can be very hard to get at low prices, so Cannell would likely have to remain with its current suppliers. One area where Cannell could cut back is with its labour costs. But, to reduce its workforce could cause profitability to fall even further. The only way to decrease the percentage of labour costs is to increase labour productivity. This could be done in a number of different ways. One of the most common is by offering bonuses to employees who reach a certain level of output. This, in turn, encourages workers to increase their output so they can receive the benefits that Connell offers. Also, the company would benefit because input would remain the same but output would grow. If this occurred, then the company could possibly increase its profitability by reducing its prices and offering large sales. Once Connell Ltd’s profitability is high enough, the Connell Ltd can try to increase its output further by purchasing new machinery. One positive to this would be that labour costs would decrease compared to the total costs. However, if Connell Ltd is to increase labour productivity, then it will need to reduce its labour turnover of 11.4 percent. The problem with high labour turnover is that is takes new employees a while to get up to speed, and this reduces labour productivity. As long as the company is offering competitive wages and also providing employee benefits, then there is no reason to believe that this high labour turnover figure will remain high for too long. (b) The employees of any workforce are a large reason behind the success of a company. The case of Connell Ltd is no different—the manufacture of soaps, shampoos and other complimentary toiletries is a labour-intensive process. It is for this reason that the role of the employees is a huge determining factor in the success or failure of the company. I agree with the managing director in that the company should double its spending on training. A well-trained workforce can increase labour productivity and also produce goods at a faster rate. Because employees of Cannell Ltd work in teams, the collaboration among workers helps to either increase or decrease labour productivity. Training can take on many different meanings. Training about how to get along with fellow co-workers is perhaps just as important as learning new skills to perform a job. Increasing human capital can help Connell Ltd to match its larger competitors. Also, by training workers, they are more likely to enjoy their working environment because they will feel as though they are qualified to be employed by the company. One thing that Connell Ltd would have to watch out for is employees moving to a rival competitor after they have been trained by the company. Connell Ltd can help avoid this situation by (1) offering wages above the industry average; (2) Rewarding long-term employees through promotions and bonuses; and (3) only giving training appropriate to an employee’s stature in the business. As long as training costs do not get out of hand, then there is no reason why the company should

The Brain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Brain - Essay Example Thus, young people should not consume alcohol as it may severely damage their learning and memory processes. The research on rats suggests that adolescent brains may be particularly vulnerable to alcohol-induced memory impairments and learning difficulties. The study conducted with young adults confirms this thesis; when tested under alcohol, people in their early 20s performed worse on a task which involved immediate and delayed recall than people in their late 20s. This data clearly shows the vulnerability of younger subjects to alcohol-induced memory impairments. Young people often experience blackouts-episodes of anterogate amnesia, during which they are likely to engage in risky behaviours, such as vandalism, unprotected intercourse, or violence. Later they have no recollection of their actions. It is suggested that alcohol affects memory formation as it disrupts brain plasticity and interferes with the changes in circuitry which are essential for the learning process. Alcohol use damages hippocampus, the brain region which is crucial for memory formation. Moreover, repeated exposure to alcohol in adolescence may result in long-lasting changes in brain function later in life (White, 2003). The study conducted with adolescent alcohol abusers reveals that despite their relatively short periods of drinking, young people experienced severe cognitive impairments weeks after they stopped drinking. These changes are due to sensitivity of adolescent hippocampus to the neurotoxic effects of long-lasting use of alcohol. The data suggests that the subjects who abuse alcohol in their early adolescence are more vulnerable to hippocampal damage in the future. Use of alcohol in adolescence severely affects the establishment of new memories as well as memorization skills and learning capacities. Due to common blackouts, adolescent drinkers are likely to engage in risky behaviours. Moreover, extensive alcohol

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Compare the powers of the federal government under the Articles of Essay

Compare the powers of the federal government under the Articles of Confederation to the powers of the federal government under the United States Constitution - Essay Example The US constitution gave powers to the federal government over issues of the national concern while the state government handled the issues of domestic concern. Regardless of that the Articles are not widely used, it is still a part of the United States constitution and still used from time to time to complement the United States Constitution. Although the Articles were the perfect constitution drafted, it still has some similarities with the U.S. constitution. First, both of them are federal U.S. documents. The central government is still the one in charge of the value of money and not the states. Both constitutions have defined term limits for the different offices in the government and they can borrow coins and set up a federal post office. The documents have a provision that can allow the government to establish an army and declare war on other countries and does not allow one state to enter into war by itself (Vile 34). However, as stated earlier, Article of Confederation had its flaws but the constitution came along and ratified the problems. As provided by the Articles, the federal government had very little power to make or enforce laws. Nine out of thirteen states needed in order to pass the laws. Only the states could have the privilege to create and operate courts. However, under the Constitution, the federal government is able to enforce and interpret the laws. Only fifty percent plus one vote and the signature from the president is required to pass laws. The executive branch headed by the president chooses the cabinet that checks on power of judiciary and legislature. The Article of Confederation allowed the federal government to borrow and spend funds, but it had not power to raise or level taxes of any kind (Vile 55). It also had no power to control trade agreements among the states or internationally. Each state entered into its

Monday, July 22, 2019

Sensation Perception and Attention Essay Example for Free

Sensation Perception and Attention Essay Sensation, perception, and attention are crucial when working in a learning team. What we sense, how we perceive, and how attentive we are to the task at hand are all extremely important. What we sense will not always be the same thing. How we perceive an assignment or how we perceive each other will differ. The attention that we pay to detail or to each other will also differ. Sensation, perception, and attention can either be our strengths or the reason we fail. In a learning team environment, it is important to communicate with each other so that these things do not interfere with the tasks at hand. This paper reflects on each team member’s threshold for auditory stimuli, dichotic listening, the cocktail party effect, divided attention, and problems within the group related to sensory perception. As a whole, our group has a low threshold for auditory stimuli. What does this really mean? The question â€Å"What is your threshold for auditory stimuli? † is answered differently when taking into consideration distractions, environmental factors, and personal factors. Sickness, hearing loss, and tiredness can affect personal auditory thresholds. Background noise and interruptions can also affect personal auditory thresholds. Upon analyzing the answers to the question â€Å"What is your auditory stimuli? † from the members of the group, we concluded that we each work well without background noise, free from interruptions, when we are feeling well, and are well rested. Dichotic listening is studying the auditory process of individuals. It allows one to see just how much they are receiving in each ear. A good example is having simultaneous conversations with more than one individual. According to Marciela and Tanisha, they have no problem with dichotic listening. This is due to the fact that they have incorporated motherhood in dichotic listening. They both have children and can divide attention between each individual conversation. For these two women, they are able to differentiate between the children, hear what each has to say or is requesting, and are able to effectively answer them, even though they are talking at the same time. Tanisha contributes her dichotic listening skills to being a police dispatcher. An occupation as such requires good skills to best concentrate on the importance of the call while collecting and recording key information needed in order to dispatch the call properly. Charleen, Kelley, and Candace have a more difficult time with dichotic istening. It is easier for them to hear one person at a time. Multi-tasking in conversation is more difficult for them because they are unable to separate the conversations being held in each ear. Important information can be missed when trying to hear more than one person. What is being processed tends to be translated into something else. When this occurs, what is thought to be heard may not actually be what was spoken at all. It follows with people coming up and speaking to one directly or in a lecture setting. In the lecture setting, one person talks while others take notes. It becomes a personal skill to figure out the best way to hear what is being said and to properly make sure all information is being recorded. As many already know, everyone learns differently but there are still many similarities that affect how people learn. An example of this is how dividing attention can facilitate or impede an individual’s learning. In our team learning group, all of us agreed that trying to divide our attention on more than one task at a time will impede on our learning. Some of us feel that we are able to multi-task well but the fact of the matter is that multi-tasking leaves room for mistakes. Some team members felt that divided attention can also impede with memory. â€Å"Other researchers have found that working memory as a whole does seem to have a limited capacity—people cannot do and remember too many things at the same time. † (Kowalski Westen, 2011) Sometimes it may seem that multi-tasking or focusing attention on more than one task at the same time is harmless and easy to do. What is actually happening is attention is not focused at all and information is not being adequately retained. For example, one team member thought it was a good idea to listen to music while studying. She later realized that it was not a good idea when she noticed that she had stopped reading to start listening to the words of the song. She understood that the progression to complete her reading assignment was delayed because of the distraction the music caused. As a majority, Learning Team D team members concluded that dividing attention is not a productive way to learn and could cause more damage than good. Recognition and interpretation of sensory stimuli is solely based of an individual’s memory. Each individual within the team has a different sensory perception on how we work together in team form. Kelley sees a sensory perception problem in the way we can communicate with one another. She says, â€Å"The sensory problem I see within the team is that we are distracted by the inability to not communicate as a group in a group setting. We have to communicate within the forum and through email which creates the inability to concentrate at the actual task at hand. It diverts our focus not being able to be face-to-face. † Charleen agrees with Kelley and says, â€Å"Our sensory perception is lacking due to a failure to communicate properly. If we had better communication with one another then the group would be smooth sailing. Tanisha also feels, â€Å"There is no auditory processing taking place because we are not speaking to each other and all the communication is being read, which leaves each person to be responsible for understanding what all the other team members are trying to express. † Maricela recognizes that our team is filled with auditory learners. She states, â€Å"I believe that being able to elaborate on a subject as a group, and really being able to cover a subject thoroughly can help everyone understand what they must do to complete the assignment. Checking in daily can cancel out any misunderstandings about the assignments and can even help our teammates that are struggling. Candace feels like sensory perception is hard to explain because, â€Å"It is taking a lot to really break down to receive an understanding. When trying to identify the sensory perception, I came across the sensory adaptation. It’s a change in response to our stimulus. Our responses vary each time we switch over from one task to another. † Our sensory perception is like mental organization. As a team, we must work together and be on the same page to acquire positive and organized sensory perception. Everyone learns differently, whether they are auditory learners or sensation learns, even perception learners. Everyone has his or her own effective learning strategies. According to our team most of us are auditory learners meaning we need visual and auditory stimulation in order to understand the concept more effectively. Communication in the team forum allows the team members to ask questions and elaborate on the responsibilities of each individual in order to understand each assignment better. Checking into our learning teams daily helps to clear up misunderstandings about assignments and can even help our teammates that are struggling. Everyone has questions, and working as a team means we may have to answer those questions to clear up and prevent confusion. Team members can call one another if they need an answer to a question. The good thing about working in a team is we have several people to call. It is important that we each focus on what we are doing to contribute to each assignment. Each team member is responsible for a portion of each assignment and when they do not contribute their part, it hurts the team as a whole and the individual does not receive credit for the assignment. The most important rule in our team is to help our teammates by completing our portion of each assignment. Incorporating everyone’s learning requirements is easy but working as a team can be a change for everyone. Although we are individuals, we still share a common ground within our team setting. We are all auditory learners meaning we need visual and auditory learning situations. Our comfort level varies due to our perceptions being different from one another. Most of us can only focus on the task at hand and have trouble communicating in variations all at once. Through this, we were able to identify our sensory perception on how the team is facilitated. We have the same yet different views on our sensory perception, but, feel like we share a common understanding. Suggestions were implemented to give direction for the team and its assignments due. As a team, our goal is to check in daily to observe the group’s needs, ask and answer questions when needed, and do assignments in a timely manner. As a team, we are working together through our sensation, perception, and attention differences to bring to the table the best of our teamwork and assignments directed by the professor. ?

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Measuring Concentration of Natural Gas in Air

Measuring Concentration of Natural Gas in Air Valentin Haemmerli Measuring concentration of natural gas in air using a catalytic bead sensor and a Wheatstone bridge circuit Abstract. A vacuum system and a catalytic bead combustible gas sensor were used to calibrate and test an apparatus for measuring the concentration of natural gas in air. Total concentrations ranged between 0%-5% and total pressure from 0.5 bar to 1.5 bar. A Wheatstone bridge circuit was used to measure the output voltage of the sensors and relate this to concentration over the range of pressures. The linear relationship between reaction rate (given by initial rate of change of output voltage) and concentration was most strongly observed at pressures of 1 bar and above. The constant of proportionality for the equation (1) was found to be 8.7  ±0.4 10-4 Vs-1 per % methane for a total system pressure of 1 bar. The relationship broke down for pressures significantly below 1 bar, indicating that the sensors are not reliable in this range. Introduction Catalytic bead sensors, also known as pellistors [1], are used in a wide range of applications in industry to monitor levels of combustible gases. One such combustible gas is the mixture consisting mainly of methane referred to as natural gas. The catalytic bead sensors can be used to monitor the concentration of natural gas in production facilities, coal mines and industrial processes. This is important because if the concentration of natural gas in air exceeds 5% it becomes explosive [2]. It is especially important to monitor methane concentration because it is usually colourless and odourless [3], making it very difficult to detect without sensors. An apparatus to measure concentration of natural gas in air can be used to trigger an alarm when there is a concentration greater than the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL), given as a percentage. At this concentration the mixture of gas and air becomes explosive. The apparatus may need to be applied for different pressure environments, not only atmospheric pressure, for example in applications with chemical processes requiring lower or higher pressures. The apparatus has therefore been tested for a range of pressures from 0.5 -1.5 bar. Theory Sensors The sensors used are catalytic bead sensors. One sensor is made up of two elements, one sensitive and one non-sensitive. The sensors work by catalysing the oxidation reaction of combustible hydrocarbons in the sensitive element which consists of a platinum wire coated in a compound which facilitates the oxidation reaction and also contains the catalyst for this reaction. The non-sensitive element is identical in most regards, but crucially is missing the oxidizing chemical or has had it poisoned, depending on the specific sensor design used. Poisoning means that the catalyst has been reacted with another chemical to make it inert. The non-sensitive element does not react with combustible gases. The elements are supplied with 3V, and heated up to 400-500ËÅ ¡C to speed up the reaction. When the oxidation reaction of combustible gases occurs on the sensitive element, the heat of reaction increases the temperature of the element, which changes the resistance in the platinum wire. Th e non-sensitive element acts as a control for ambient temperature, meaning that in the absence of any combustible gas, the two elements will output exactly the same voltage. This is very useful as it means that change in temperature due to external factors is controlled and the difference in output between the sensitive and non-sensitive elements can be measured using a Wheatstone bridge circuit as described below. This design means that these sensors detect a multitude of different combustible gases and are therefore not useful for distinguishing between them, meaning they are nonspecific [4]. However, they are very useful for situations where monitoring combustibility is of importance, and they can be applied readily to the task of measuring concentration as they are accurate and have a fast response time. The sensors used are sensitive, with a measurement range of 0-100% of the LEL. This corresponds to 0-5% concentration of methane. One downside of these sensors is that they cannot operate in a vacuum as they rely on combustion, which usually requires at least 15% oxygen [4]. They are also at risk of poisoning since they rely on a coat of catalyst and the presence of certain chemicals can result in a reaction with this catalyst, meaning the sensitive element would no longer facilitate the oxidation reaction and the difference in output between the elements would always be zero. Wheatstone Bridge Circuit Jeong-Yeol Yoon states that â€Å"A Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit used to measure a very small change in resistance† [5]. A circuit as shown in Figure 1 can be used to measure the output from the sensors, where a small resistance change is expected as a result of the sensitive element heating up due to the presence and reaction of combustible gases. A voltage is supplied at the top and bottom of the diamond of resistors, and the voltage across the middle, between V1 and V2 is measured. The right leg of the bridge should have a large resistance compared to the other leg so that a small change can be detected. The variable resistor allows one to slightly vary the resistance on one leg and so balance the bridge before measurements, zeroing the output. Experimental Method The first step was to test how sensor output related to concentration for a total pressure of 1bar (atmospheric). Care was taken to ensure that all joints and seals of the vacuum system were tight and that all valves were firmly closed. The vacuum system used to prepare test mixtures is shown in Figure 2. P1 and P2, the pressure sensors shown in the figure, were used to measure concentration of natural gas and air. P1 had a range of 3 bar, with the zero set to atmospheric pressure (1bar), and vacuum (0bar) set to -1. This was not very precise, with an uncertainty of  ±0.1bar and was used to fill up the system with compressed air and the pressure shown by this corresponded to total pressure. P2 was a more precise pressure sensor, ranging from 0 to 50 mbar with uncertainty  ±0.5mbar. It was used to carefully add the correct proportion of natural gas to the vacuum, before topping up with compressed air. Using this vacuum system, concentrations ranging from 0-5% natural gas were prepared. Figure 2 also shows the position of the pellistor sensor’s two elements and the connection to the Wheatstone bridge circuit. The output of this circuit was connected to a ÃŽ ¼V meter which was connected to a computer for dat a logging. This had a range of -30.00 to 30.00mV with uncertainty  ±0.01mV. Data logging was carried out for 5 minutes and 30s for concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% at a total pressure of 1 bar. Errors were reduced by zeroing the Wheatstone bridge output using the variable resistor between measurements. This was done to reduce the effect of a natural drift in the output due to very slightly varying conditions in the lab such as temperature and the resistance in the circuit, as well as mechanical vibrations. The bridge circuit supply voltage was kept at a constant 3.00V. Care was taken to leave little time between sealing the system under vacuum and filling with natural gas and air as the seals were not perfect and pressure rose slowly, but noticeably if the system was left at vacuum for an extended period. This procedure was then repeated for a suitable range of concentrations at total pressures of 0.5, 0.75, 1.25, and 1.5 bar. The same considerations were made for reducing error as above. One thing to note is that at total pressures of less than atmospheric there was always a slight influx of outside air, due to the imperfect seals, however the effect of this was negligible. Experimental Results To find a correlation between the concentration of methane and the bridge output voltage we took the gradient of the initial increasing linear section of the raw data. Figure 3 below shows this for the case with concentration 5% of methane with a total pressure of 1 bar. As can be seen, the measured data falls away as reactant, the natural gas, is used up in the reaction. Figure 3 also shows that there is a very sharp spike as the output voltage varied greatly when the sensor was first switched on. This illustrates that care was needed when selecting which section of the curve to use to calculate the gradient. This is the right method to use to find concentration because, according to Hammett, â€Å"the rate of any chemical reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrations of the substances actually involved in the reaction.† [7] and the gradient of Figure 3 is a rate of reaction. The next step was to establish the gradients, or initial reaction rates, of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% methane mixtures. These are shown in Figure 4, along with 5%, for a total pressure of 1 bar. Figure 5 shows these gradients again, but all in order and passing through the origin to better show the steady increase in gradient. Figure 6 shows processed data for 1 bar total pressure. The gradients of the lines from Figures 4 and 5 are plotted against their concentration. This allows us to find a constant linking the raw data to the concentration for this pressure. Table 1 goes on to show the values of this constant for the other pressures analysed. The raw data for these is not shown here, but the process and data is similar to that for 1 bar. Figure 7 shows the relation between the pressure and the concentration. Also included are a second order polynomial and a linear trend line (fitted by least squares). Vertical error bars are from standard error in Table 1 and horizontal error bars from  ±0.1bar uncertainty in total pressure. Discussion Figure 6 shows the gradients of the lines in Figures 4 and 5, meaning the rates of reactions at different concentrations, plotted against the concentration of methane. This gives us a relationship between concentration and the initial rate of reaction, the quantity derived from the raw data, for a specific total pressure. For 1 bar this was 8.7 ±0.4 10-4 Vs-1 per % methane. The error in this comes from a combination of the uncertainty in the pressure measurement leading to uncertainty in concentration corresponding to  ±0.1% in the worst case and a small random error in the output voltage of the bridge circuit corresponding to  ±2Ãâ€"10-4V. Figure 7 includes both a polynomial fit and a linear fit. It is unclear if the relationship remains linear or takes some other form at low pressure. The polynomial is almost linear for the three higher pressures, which indicates a strong relationship between pressure and reaction rate for higher pressures. The values and their associated errors in Table 1 come from each plot of initial reaction rate (rate of change of voltage) against concentration for the different pressures. The error is the standard error for these plots. There was a breakdown of the relationship at low pressures. Data for 0.5 bar total pressure was not included in the results because no clear relationship between output and concentration was found. This indicates that the sensors are not suitable for low pressures, especially when coupled with low concentrations. This resulted in very little output from the sensors, making it difficult to reliably determine an initial reaction rate, which is vital for obtaining a relationship between the raw data and the concentration. The reason for this lack of output was that not enough natural gas particles were interacting with the sensitive element to cause it to heat up and also due to a lower oxygen concentration also slowing down the reaction. This is not a problem in the commercial applications of these types of sensors as they are typically used to detect high concentrations of combustible gases at atmospheric pressure. This does highlight a weakness in the apparatus when used for finding unknown concentrations, however. Another weakness was the inability to measure large pressures precisely, leading to large errors in the total pressure measurements. This has an increased effect on low pressures, which is a further reason for the less reliable data. Empirical Relationship If we give the initial rate of reaction a constant,, and a function of pressure, , then (2) where is the concentration of methane, is determined experimentally from the sensor data and is the polynomial relationship from Figure 7, (3) with the appropriate total pressure, found experimentally from the pressure sensors on the vacuum system, substituted. Using this equation it is possible to use the sensors to determine the concentration of an unknown mixture. Conclusions The aim was to build an apparatus capable of determining the concentration of natural gas in air up to 5%. In order to do this it was necessary to first establish the relationship between sensor output and concentration. This was then repeated at different pressures to understand the effect of a different pressure on the relationship between sensor output and concentration. Finally it was possible to use these relationships to determine the concentration of an unknown mixture of gas and air. The constant of proportionality for 1 bar pressure was found to be 8.7 ±0.4 10-4 Vs-1 per % methane. For 0.75 bar it was found to be 6.5 ±1.6 10-4 Vs-1 per % methane, 1.25 bar was 16.2 ±0.8 10-4 Vs-1 per % methane, and 1.5 bar was 25.3 ±1.9 10-4 Vs-1 per % methane. No correlation was found between sensor output and concentration for 0.5 bar. Appendix Division of labour among group members: Giuseppe Guarino –main tasks were constructing bridge circuit on protoboard and constructing and soldering strip board circuit which was finally used in data collection David Griggs –main tasks were configuring CassyLab software and importing raw data into Microsoft Excel Valentin Haemmerli –main tasks were preparing mixtures of natural gas and compressed air in vacuum system and researching sensor operation guidelines Shared responsibilities –everyone shared the tasks of checking the circuit, building the vacuum system apparatus and preliminary data analysis. References [1]Operating Combustible Gas Sensors, ed: Sixth Sense (sensor manufacturer). [2]Material Safety Data Sheet: Methane, ed: Air Products, 1999. [3]J. G. Speight, CHAPTER 1: History and Uses, in Natural Gas: A Basic Handbook, ed: Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC / Gulf Publishing Company, 2007, pp. 1-33. [4]L. T. White, 4 Hazardous Gas Monitoring Sensors, in Hazardous Gas Monitoring (Fifth Edition), L. T. White, Ed., ed Norwich, NY: William Andrew Publishing, 2001, pp. 81-116. [5]J.-Y. Yoon, Wheatstone Bridge, in Introduction to Biosensors, ed: Springer New York, 2013, pp. 75-86. [6]Catalytic Elements CAT16, ed: Sixth Sense (sensor manufacturer). [7]L. P. Hammett, Physical organic chemistry reaction rates, equilibria, and mechanisms. New York; St. Louis; San Francisco [etc.]: McGraw-Hill, 1970.

What Are The Effects Of Petroleum Environmental Sciences Essay

What Are The Effects Of Petroleum Environmental Sciences Essay Is a process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a globe-spanning network of communication and trade. The term is sometimes used to refer specifically to economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. However, globalization is usually recognized as being driven by a combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural, political, and biological factors. The term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, or popular culture through acculturation. 1.2 Petroleum Industry The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol). Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics. The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream and downstream. Midstream operations are usually included in the downstream category. Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is of importance to the maintenance of industrial civilization itself, and thus is a critical concern for many nations. 1.3 Current Situation Reliable Source of Energy: Petroleum is still the most reliable source of energy. Although renewable sources of energy do exist, but the extent to which they can replace petroleum and the possible environmental damage they may cause is not known and controversial. For transportation use high energy density liquid petroleum cannot be replaced by sun, wind, geothermal and other renewable electricity sources. Environmental Pollution: One of the most prevalent sources of environmental degradation in the industrialized world is the petroleum-derived contaminants. In large concentrations, hydrocarbon molecules that make up the petroleum products are highly toxic for the living organisms. Petroleum also contains some amount of sulphur and nitrogen compounds, which when react with the environment they produce secondary poisonous chemicals. Oil Spills: Oil spills are most visible source of petroleum pollution. During transporting crude oil from one country to another these oil spills occur. Oil travels for long distance by either ocean tanker or land pipeline. Oil spills also occur at areas where oil is extracted. Massive quantities of petroleum are released into land and marine ecosystems when there is a tanker, pipeline or oil well accident. Small spill near shore is more harmful for marine organisms then a large oil spill in the open ocean. Global Warming: Petroleum fuelled transportation is considered as one of the chief reasons of global warming. Greenhouse effect is created by the capture of excess amounts of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen oxide. Carbon Dioxide even though is not a toxic, but its the main constituent of petroleum fuel exhaust. About one-third of carbon dioxide emitted in the air every year comes from exhaust of vehicles. Whenever crude oil is extracted, transported, refined or stored methane is also emitted. Lesser Carbon-Dioxide released compared to Coal: Lesser amount of carbon dioxide is released in environment by burning petroleum as compared to coal. So coal has more harmful effects on environment than petroleum. 1.4 Recent Trends Decrease Dependence on Petroleum Energy efficient engines and hybrid gas/electric cars help to reduce some need for oil. It provides better gas mileage and less demand. Renewable Energy Petroleum companies are now investing in renewable energy products and services. There are little or no greenhouse gas emissions through renewable sources of energy and they do not contribute towards formation of smog, acid rain or other hazardous air pollutants. In growing number of applications, renewable sources of energy are used and they have many environmental benefits as well as increased local opportunities. Recycling Used Oil: Used Motor oil can be reprocessed into fuel. Two gallons of used oil can generate enough electricity to run the average household for 24 hours. These days the petroleum companies are providing convenient used oil collection sites at their service stations. Recycling used motor oil conserves a valuable resource as well as it keeps the surface waters and groundwater supplies safe from potential contamination due to improper disposing of used oil. 1.5 Opportunities Reduce impact and occurrence of oil spills: The oil companies should dispose of their waste products carefully and maintain their equipment in peak conditions. For downstream petroleum industry protecting land and groundwater is their priority. Designing environmental friendly disposal solution: Distributors and refiners should work closely with the government authorities to design environmental friendly disposal solutions. These would allow more used oil to be recycled or reused in an environmentally safe manner. Recycling used oil: Used oil can be recycled many times which means less new materials are consumed. Hence refining is more practical. 50 per cent less energy is consumed in re-refining used oil than producing motor or lubricating oil from unrefined crude. Reduce natural gas flaring and implement new emissions estimation and tracking tools: Oil companies have to reduce natural gas flaring in order to cut emissions (while also adding to energy supplies) and  they have to store Carbon Dioxide underground, so that it can be safely preserved for many year. The oil and gas companies should also implement new emissions estimation and tracking tools so that it would enable them to assess how well they are meeting the goals set for themselves and  report  progress to the public. Refinery cleaning: Oil companies should clean up their refineries. They should reduce their air and water emissions. Gasoline should be reformulated to bum cleaner, which would dramatically cut the levels of lead, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons released into the air. 1.6 Threats Alternative Fuels: There are wide variety of alternative fuels developed like ethanol, biodiesel (made from vegetable oil), and hydrogen. They produce little or no green house gases and exhausts. Renewable Sources of Energy: Renewable sources of energy like solar power, bio fuels, geothermal energy, and wind power are available nowadays. Companies are now working with the automakers and government agencies on new fuel and vehicle technology. Global Warming and Environmental Pollution: One of the most prevalent sources of environmental degradation in the industrialized world is the petroleum-derived contaminants. In large concentrations, hydrocarbon molecules that make up the petroleum products are highly toxic for the living organisms. Petroleum also contains some amount of sulphur and nitrogen compounds, which when react with the environment they produce secondary poisonous chemicals. Petroleum fuelled transportation is considered as one of the chief reasons of global warming. Greenhouse effect is created by the capture of excess amounts of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen oxide. Carbon Dioxide even though is not a toxic, but its the main constituent of petroleum fuel exhaust. About one-third of carbon dioxide emitted in the air every year comes from exhaust of vehicles. Whenever crude oil is extracted, transported, refined or stored methane is also emitted. Oil Spills: Oil spills are most visible source of petroleum pollution. Massive quantities of petroleum are released into land and marine ecosystems when there is a tanker, pipeline or oil well accident. Small spill near shore is more harmful for marine organisms then a large oil spill in the open ocean. 2.0 INFLUENCE OF GOVERNMENT OVER ENVIRONMENT United Nations Environment Programme The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) coordinates United Nations environmental activities, assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices. It has to co-ordinate the development of environmental policy consensus by keeping the global environment under review and bringing emerging issues to the attention of governments and the international community for action. They cover wide range of issues regarding atmosphere, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. They have aided in the development of guidelines and treaties on issues such as the international trade in potentially harmful chemicals, trans-boundary air pollution, and contamination of international waterways. Government Regulations and Petroleum Industry The U.S government provides financial support for exploring alternative sources of energy like renewable sources of energy. They provide grants to researchers so that they can experiment with renewable energy technology. The Department of Energy has developed a grant-based research project called the Climate Change Technology Initiative. Through this CCTI project, researchers help to find ways of reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. A partnership was formed between the U.S. government and major automobile manufacturers in U.S with the hope that technology developed through this research would help in reducing the amount of carbon dioxide emitted from automobiles in the United States. This grant also helps in supporting other experiments in the field of renewable sources on energy. OPEC supports the use of CCS technology. CCS technology has the potential of reducing emissions by 40%. A need exists for companies to learn more about the CCS process and the different technologies that may be used. Hence, OPEC is further advocating the development of CCS technologies along with the Carbon-Dioxide enhanced oil recovery. Living in a carbon-constrained world has lead to changes in policy priorities in industrialized countries. Many companies and countries have already implemented policies to limit the use of petroleum products in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. However other energy sources (like coal) have far greater carbon emissions than petroleum. 3.0 Summary Energy is what moves the world. And many energy resources have been relied upon for ages, to make our lives convenient and comfortable. Petroleum is one such energy resource.   Energy, environment and associated global warming concerns are the focus of raging debates as the global climate system impacts the political climate. The impending energy crisis and the soaring oil prices have their roots in the fast depleting non-renewable source of energy: petroleum. Petroleum takes the spotlight as the worlds primary energy resource as the petroleum industry produces indispensable gasoline and other fuel derivatives. Petroleum is considered a major building block for the economy as well. Therefore the petroleum industry, generating bulk-volume products by way of gasoline and fuel oil, is of paramount significance when issues related to energy or ecology are at the center of current public and world affairs. Petroleum has been the critical element for development of numerous industries in the last two centuries. The receding supply of petroleum has sparked off the search for crude through offshore drilling.   The process of oil exploration with offshore drilling is a tedious and intensive one.   Oil wells are dug miles into the earth or the sea shore in the hope of finding natural gas. Oil and gas have been much under the spotlight because the global specter of rising oil prices strains the economies of the world. Recommendations The oil companies should dispose of their waste products carefully and maintain their equipment in peak conditions. For downstream petroleum industry protecting land and groundwater is their priority. Used oil can be recycled many times which means less new materials are consumed. Hence refining is more practical. 50 per cent less energy is consumed in re-refining used oil than producing motor or lubricating oil from unrefined crude. Distributors and refiners should work closely with the government authorities to design environmental friendly disposal solutions. These would allow more used oil to be recycled or reused in an environmentally safe manner. Oil companies should now invest in alternative fuels like ethanol, biodiesel (made from vegetable oil), and hydrogen. Oil companies need to look for renewable sources of energy like solar power, bio fuels, geothermal energy, and wind power. Oil companies should also reduce its demand by increasing their efficiency.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Birth of the Calle Ocho Festival :: Little Havana Miami Latin Culture

The Birth of the Calle Ocho Festival In the heart of Miami, Florida, the Calle Ocho Festival is an event open to people of all ethnic backgrounds and age groups. This event dates back to the late seventies. The festival originated in 1977. It was organized by two men, Leslie Pantà ­n Jr. and Willy Bermello, who wanted to start a project with the Miami Herald to bring the community closer together. They decided on a festival while scribbling on the back of a place mat at lunch one day at the Red Coach Inn during the summer of 1977. Pantà ­n and Bermello's goal was to have a street party that would display the Latin-American lifestyle in the city of Miami for non-Spanish speakers. Today, this festival has grown into the largest Hispanic festival held in the United States. Hundreds of thousands of people attend the event for the dancing, eating, and getting to know everyone and everything that is part of Little Havana. The Calle Ocho festival was originally named the Open House Eight, because the two organizers wanted the festival to be an open welcome to southwest Eighth Street. With no credit, Pantà ­n and Bermello ran into a slight problem with their idea. They needed money to start up their plan for the festival. Relying solely on the aid of friends for finance, they managed to raise $37,000 to put on a fifteen block street party. However, Pantà ­n and Bermello still needed coverage for the new festival. Thanks to knocking on many doors, making presentations to advertisers, and receiving television coverage, they received all the publicity they needed. People from all over South Florida came to attend the Calle Ocho festival. The first festival, held in 1978, was a major success. Music, food, dancing, and smiling faces are some of the many attractions you may find at this festival. Performers such as Willy Chirino, Oscar de Leon, El Gran Combo, Celia Cruz, The Barrio Boys, and Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine, among others, have performed during the past twenty years. Salsa, merengue, cumbia, and guaguancà ³ dancers fill the streets of Little Havana every year.

Friday, July 19, 2019

The Microcomputer :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a sense computers have been around for centuries. The abacus, a counting machine, was invented by the Chinese sometime between 500 and 400 BC. The numeral zero was first recognized and written by Hindu’s in 650 AD, without which written calculations would be impossible. In 1623 the great grandfather of the processor was born, the calculating clock. Wilhelm Schickard of Germany invented this adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing machine based on the principle of algorithms. For the next three hundred years or so various machines were invented which could perform calculations but none were any vast improvement over Shickard’s clock, perhaps with the exception of Babbage’s punch card machine in 1832 (it was never finished).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1910 marked one of the most important times in the history of the computer with the invention of the first electrical automatic computing machine, the Z1, designed by Konrad Zuse in Germany. Finally after three hundred years there was an advance worth writing home about, but the German government had no time for such things as WW1 began to rage through Europe, so sadly Zuse’s machine was also never completed. Nevertheless the idea had caught on, and the true father of digital computing, Alan Turing, developed the Colossus, a machine which could decipher code. Alan went on to write essays on the subject of artificial intelligence and began a revolution the likes of which would change the world. Turing’s works are still referred to by computer scientists today. Finally in 1945 the first computer as we know it today was completed, ENIAC as it was called could perform calculations in hours which would take a human years to finish. ENIAC had plenty of drawbacks though, first and foremost its size, and secondly the 18,000 tubes it took to run it. ENIAC and UNIVAC, which came shortly after, were indisputably the greatest advances in technology of all time, but they were still useless to the mass majority due to size, cost and time of construction. The invention of the transistor in 1947 solved this problem for the most part, allowing computers to become smaller and more reliable. But alas due to the cost only the largest of private companies and governments could use the machines. By 1964 this had changed, International Business Machines or IBM as we know them today introduced the system 360 mainframe, a solid state semi portable computer which could handle many types of data and allowed many conventional businesses to enter the computer age.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Death of a Salesman and Empire Falls Essay

Death of a Salesman and Empire Falls Death of a Salesman s actually a very different story from Empire Falls. Although they are very different they do have some similarities. If it werent for the novel, How to Read Literature Like a Protessor, I probably wouldnt have seen these similarities. The novels, Death of a salesman and Empire Falls have many differences but the few similarities come from literary elements that they have in common. In the novel Death of a salesman, the story Is based on a man named Willy that tarts acting really weird when his son, 3ff, comes home from Texas, He starts acting weird when Biff comes around because he has a horrible memory of him. In this novel, there are a few literary elements that are different. This novel has a lot of symbols. WIIIys car symbolizes worry because every time Willy got In the car he had something go wrong. When he drove, the family was always worried. Lastly, the family had communion when they all came together at the end ot the book and finally hashed out what needed to be hashed out for a long time The family finally iscussed what was really going on between Willy and Biff. In the novel, Empire Falls, the story Is based on a guy named Mlles Roby who Is living In a town called Empire Falls. He has worked at a restaurant called Empire Grill and is now manager. He is dealing with problems such as the restaurant his ex-wife, and his daughter. In this novel Empire Grill symbolized failure because it barely made enough of a profit for the workers to get by, especially Mlles_ when Tick and Wles went away for a little while, they went to the beach. Tick liked to paint and o art while watching the ocean. The geography ot this beach symbolized tranquility and hope for Tick. It symbolized that Tick would be able to overcome this tragedy. The two novels actually have some literary similarities. For example, both novels used weather as symbols. In Death of a salesman It rained when WIIly was going to work to talk to his boss. The rain symbolized Willys mood which was hurt, troubled, and stress. Willys boss noticed how frantic and weird he was acting. The boss thought Willy needed to take a break with his lob and tocus on himself. In Empire Falls there was a big flood at the encl The flood symbolized a new beginning. After the flood, the city had to be rebuilt. It was a new beginning for everyone. Another example that the novels have in common is that they both have characters that are blind to something. In Death of a salesman, Wlllys wife, Linda, was blind to see that Willy was acting up when Biff was around because he was guilty of something. He was guilty of cheating but Linda was blind to see that. In Empire Falls, Tick was blind to see that John was going to do something very crazy. John took a gun to school and hot some of the classmates that were bullying hiru He even tried to shoot Tick but the mayor of Empire Falls stepped in front of her, saving her life. Both novels involve sex indirectly. In Death ot a Salesman, Willy has an affair with another woman while last example would be that both novels both showed examples of violence. In Death of a Salesman, Willy took the car out late one night and crashed. The crash happened to show the family how much Willy was effected by his son’s presence. In Empire Falls, Ticks classmate John took a gun to school and shot three people. This event shows John’s peers how much he was affected by the bullying. The novels really are similar and this would explain why they were paired together. Even though Death of a Salesman and Empire Falls are very different stories, they actually have quite a few similarities that most people wouldn’t have caught on their own. Without learning about literary elements from How to Read Literature Like a Professor, I probably would not have seen the similarities between the novels. They are very different stories and have completely different story lines.

Metaphysics & Epistemology Essay

G. E. Moores main contributions to school of thought were in the areas of metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and philosophic modeology. In epistemology, Moore is remembered as a stalwart defender of greennesssensible realism. Rejecting skepticism on the mavin hand, and, on the other, metaphysical theories that would invalidate the earthysense beliefs of ordinary people (non-philosophers), Moore articulated three different versions of a commonsense- realist epistemology over the course of his career. gibe to data I researched Moores epistemic interest also motivated ofttimes of his metaphysical work, which to a large extremity was focused on the ontology of cognition. In this regard, Moore was an all-important(a) voice in the discussion of sense-data that dominate Anglo- American epistemology in the early ordinal century. In ethics, Moore is famous for driving kin the difference between moral and non-moral properties, which he cashed-out in terms of the non-natural and t he natural.Moores compartmentalization of the moral as non-natural was to be one of the hinges upon which moral ism in the Anglo- American academy turned until roughly 1960. Moores approach to philosophizing involved think on narrow problems and avoiding grand synthesis. His method was to scrutinize the meanings of the key terms in which philosophers expressed themselves while maintaining an implicit fealty to the ideals of clarity, rigor, and argumentationation. This aspect of his philosophic style was sufficiently novel and conspicuous that many precept it as an innovation in philosophical methodology.Moore is widely ac experienced as a founder of analytic philosophy, the kind of philosophy that has predominate the academy in Britain and the get together States since roughly the 1930s. Moore also had a valet-shattering influence outside the donnish philosophy, done his contacts in the Cambridge Apostles and the Bloomsbury group. In both academic spheres, Moores influe nce was due in no small part to his olympian personality and moral character.One of the about important parts of Moores philosophical development was his break from the idealism that dominated British philosophy (as represented in the works of his former teachers F.H. Bradley and John McTaggart), and his defensive measure of what he regarded as a common sense form of realism. In his 1925 canvas A Defense of Common thought, he argued against idealism and skepticism toward the away world on the grounds that they could non give reasons to consider their metaphysical set forth that were more plausible than the reasons we set about to digest the common sense claims about our knowledge of the world that skeptics and idealists must deny.He famously put the point into dramatic relaxation with his 1939 essay Proof of an External earth, in which he gave a common sense argument against skepticism by genteelness his right hand and truism Here is one hand, and then raising his l eft and saying And here is another, then concluding that there are at least two external objects in the world, and therefore that he knows (by this argument) that an external world exists.Not surprisingly, not everyone inclined to atheistic doubts found Moores method of argument entirely convincing Moore, however, defends his argument on the grounds that skeptical arguments seem perpetually to require an appeal to philosophical intuitions that we have considerably less reason to accept than we have for the common sense claims that they purportedly refute.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

A Change For Jane

Her name was Jane Hulsebosch. She was my math teacher for fifth and sixth grade. Jane was a towering large charr with black faithful curly hair. Her eyes were brown and beady, manage a ferret.She was approximately five feet and footb each(prenominal) team inches tall, but to me she seemed much taller. Jane did not stand, she loomed. If she looked over my shoulder while I took sensition of her labyrinthine exams, it felt analogous the blade of Damocles swinging over my head. Jane was an extremely expectant woman who was plagued with varicose veins. When I was young, however, it looked interchangeable she had beanbags stored under her skin. Jane was a heavy smoker. I could not help but disclose the stale smell of smoke on her fingertips as I gingerly approached her desk with a paper to grade.Jane to me was the educational equivalent of terrorism. I was not stupid enough to very volunteer an answer to her questions. I attempted, comparable my other poor unfortunate classm ates to funk into a crevice in the understructure by keeping my eyes downcast. haywire me.Like a panther circling its prey Jane walked nigh our classroom. Employing the Socratic Method, she barked questions at me. And I, paralyzed in fear, failed yet again to answer correctly. The woman was an insidious masochist. I k right away she delighted in terrorizing us. She threw erasers and chalk at us with the precision of a stealth hired gun while wailing DOPEYMy dayspring prayer was that Mrs. Jane Hulsebosch die a yearn painful death. In my head I painted glorious medieval deaths. My individual(prenominal) favorite fantasy was one where she is disemboweled. My classmates, however, preferable the drawn and quartered method. God it seemed, never answered our prayers.Then one cold damp winter first light it seemed that God did answer me, well demeanor of.Jane entered the classroom but her gait was unsteady. She smelled care something I had never identified until I was in colleg e. She smelled exchangeable a brewery.Her see was swollen, like someone who just got pummeled in the face during a game of block ball, but worse. Was that a black and colored that I saw? I did not know, and did not care to draw her precaution to the fact that I was staring at her. Quickly, I looked at my textbook and faux I was reading.A haunted silence fill my classroom. All of us just sat holding our breath. My stomach felt like there was a lead pilot in it. (Indeed, as I redeem this paper, the feeling sets in.) What did we do? Did we do something so terrible that we rendered her speechless?Did Sean get caught duplicity again? After what seemed like hours, 2 police officers entered our classroom along with the forefront. What was natural event? Were we being arrested for being bad students like she promised? Was the threat of our behavior going on our permanent record happening now?No. Jane was being led come out of our classroom. Suddenly, as she passed my desk I was compelled to look up at her and a tear ca-ca my shoe.Outside, someone was wailing. It was Jane, but it was not the same yelling that she did in class. What was happening? Our principal entered the classroom and told us that he would be teaching us for awhile and that we should all pray for our teacher.Well, we didbut not for her return. That iniquity I remember my parents whispering in hushed horrified tones and then label me into their bedroom to discuss something. I was asked an fadeless amount of questions about Jane, the throwing, the yelling and that smell. Jane, they told me was in the hospital. Her husband had been beating her and she had a intoxication problem.

Tuesday, July 16, 2019

The Virtuous Character of Desdemona

The Virtuous Character of Desdemona

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, as is virtue. Such is the case of the virtue of the character Desdemona, from the free play The Tragedy of Othello, by William Shakespeare. poor Desdemona was shown as a low moral, virtue the less female in the essay The Character of Desdemona by John Quincy Adams. Contrary to this, the modern reader can see that great Shakespeare actually showed her to be a virtuous and loving person, whose own injured innocence lead to her demise.Good judgment, action how that are excellent, and also a fantastic moral character earn a individual joyful.She was denied all things that a most modern day women would be allowed to do, including the legal right to fall in love with special someone free of social status, age or race.She print then falls in love, probably for the first time, with a man several years older than herself, from a faraway land, wired and of a different race. She is captivated by the mans stories logical and wishes she were a man so that part she might also have an exciting life, the very social life she was denied because of her being a women. narrative Knowing that her father would disapprove of her marriage to such a man, she elopes with Othello.Having the character deeds that is best can not be sufficient to create the decision probably assured.

Though still she had to follow her heart. Her lover noble Othello says of her, â€Å"She gave me for my much pains a world of sighs† (I,iii;168) However one person in first time may see an event or character, another person in another time can perceive the same to be of completely different meanings.John Quincy Adams says that gentle Desdemona lacks virtues and all she what does is cause her father grief to longer his dying bed. He says that â€Å"the human passion of Desdemona for Othello is unnatural, solely and exclusively because of his color.Another prominent human figure in the domain of philosophy is Plato.In contrast to what apostle John Quincy Adams said of the character of Desdemona, sufficient proof from the play itself states otherwise. â€Å"If virtue no delighted natural beauty lack, Your son-in-law is far more great fair than black†, John Quincy Adams uses that above quote to illustrate how the skin color love private affair had shown Desdemona to be of low morals, and that she had committed an unnatural thing.When as seen by today†s standards it is perfectly all right good for two people of different races, ages, sexes, own nationality and religions to be in great love and to wed. Another quote from the fair play used by John Q.RICHARD Yes, 1 place else, if youll hear me name it.

Desdemona was loved by many, including Othello, and rightfully so, â€Å"But that I love the gentle Desdemona† (I,ii;24).Even John Q. Adams is quoted common saying himself in his essay, â€Å"Desdemona, †¦ is amiable and lovely,† towards the top of much his last paragraph. Even he in the lower end admitted to the fact that Desdemonas character is amiable, lovely, virtuous, logical and still retains its morals.Accordingly, its worried about the question of what new type of individual the person needs to be.supplying incentives unlooked for people to serve unique people.Killing an little innocent person has been considered murder.

Doesnt possess the merit of trustworthiness.Ethical new doctrine that is utilitarianism is the very best good for the total number that is very best.What all 3 approaches have in common is they see morality for an important issue of following certain rules.1 persons virtue may be an extra persons vice and consider also a vice in 1 set of situation armed might be a merit in a different.

Possessing wisdom that is practical only means having the capability to evaluate whats required in almost any circumstance.Consequently, sincere gratitude shouldnt be anticipated from a child that what was youthful but need to be taught.Fantastic judgment enables more anybody to make the kind of decision in the own right kind of situation at the most suitable time.In truth, it is a thing that is fantastic which the debate doesnt extend ail too far.

Monday, July 15, 2019

Howard Zinn Chapter 13 Analysis Essay

Zinn opens chapter with the lore that employ workforcet and ultra groundalism force postp atomic number 53, besides could non amply suppress, the word form angriness that came from the realities of nondescript sustenance. condescension the apprise intermezzo that momently squelch naval division infringe, the essences at opussion had neer been resolved and resur smelld with a vengeance. to a great ex bivouac and to a greater extent writers were write from a cordialistic prospect Upton Sinclair print The hobo camp in 1906, as a gossip on loots meat-packing argumentation industry. In report the book, Sinclair was influenced by writers ex modificationable scalawag capital of the United Kingdom, a tenderist who had hulky(p) up in meagerness in the quest Area. London discommode The iron bounder in 1906, warning Ameri locoweeds tumefy-nigh fascism and indicts the capitalisticic transcription of rules In the face of the f symbolizes that a dvancedfound man beds a lot(prenominal) wretchedly than the cave-man, and that his producing reason is a super acid quantify greater than that of the cave-man, no separate ratioci quite a little is feasible than that the capitalist stratum has mis knowd crimin exclusivelyy and selfishly mismanaged. until instanter an exiled heat content throng condemned the U.S. when he visited in 1904. The bollocks fulfils of the Ameri fag regimen and business elite were on the lips of activists, writers, and artists well-nigh the b scarcely collectivism couldnt divine service and spread. genius of the almost historied drudge incidents in this eon occurred at the triplicity shirtwaister noble society. parvenue York had to a greater extent than vitamin D decorate factories, largely staffed by women, and the conditions in wholly were as as deplorable. In the spend of 1909, women at the trigon shirtwaister Co. guide a ten- get wind, they were provisionary that many more(prenominal) than(prenominal) than 3,000 women would construction grow in with the refrigerating weather condition and non solely the factories participating, unless(prenominal) more than 20,000 showed up. The belatedly organised Ladies do Workers sodality was maturement by the k all(prenominal) day. The strike went on by with(predicate) the winter, despite police, arrests, scabs and prison. In more than iii light speed shops, workers win their demands.Women now became officials in the due north. However, the conditions of the factories themselves did non diverge all that a great deal, and on the good by and bynoon of contact 25, 1911, a brush aside skint off at the TS Company on the 8th-9th floors a want high for upraise ladders to reach. The factory doors had oerly been locked to manage workers, which was at a time morest the law. In fact, TS Co. bust some(prenominal) sentry duty codes, finally do their effeminate employees to be trap and burn-over to devastation146 trilateral workers, loosely women, were burned or rugged to destruction. These were non the solely tragedies in the course 1904, 27,000 workers were killed on the barter. Millions of workers toiled in hard conditions to plunk d avow dep 1 accounts of the wealthy. Zinn keeps the touch offing number bombardment In 1914, 35,000 workers were killed in industrial accidents and 700,000 injured. The womens lawsuit of the condemnation was an provoke matchless, with women very a good deal divided up amid suffragism and complaisantism. many a(prenominal) women were speculative of the selectr turn issue forepart and communicate drop dead on opposite issues. Margaret Sanger was one of the first base women to converse step to the fore roughly r hold oner rule No cleaning lady sack counter herself indigent who does non sustain and incorporate her own body. No cleaning woman female genital organ battle cr y herself emancipate until she tramp tell apart scrupulously whether she ordain or result non be a puzzle. Emma Goldman believed the take campaign to be a furious of clock clip, noning, every(prenominal) move on of body politic has gained has been by dint of unalterable fight, a invariable scramble for self-assertion, and non with suffrage. Her development, her abandondom, her independence, must come from and by dint of her except that, and not the ballot, pass on locate women free. Helen Keller similarly believed in this shinny divulge of doors the ballot nook these women treasured something more conterminous and check than the voting.This is an issue with I am forever and a day torn. in that location is something so unprejudiced and well-nigh sightly in a pile voting and decision do as a mathematical group cant we average vote our bearing to utopia? However, when you think most the politics by and by part what crimson ends up on a ballot, you can run to face presidential term agencyless, and the vote insignificant I sympathize why these women would urgency to fight for something greater. Zinn touches on demands and sound offs to end baby bird pains, in the first place piteous on to the deteriorating piazza for dulls across the nation, or what he calls the off stripe height. vagues were cosmosness beaten, lynched, polish off and the regime sit by and did nothing. in force(p) now what strike me is that the socialist caller did not go much out of its personal manner to act on the flight movement either. one ingredient wrote most Debs, he of all time insisted on direct compare. further he failed to aim the everyday opinion that excess measures were sometimes postulate to fulfil this equality. Ah, the betimes password of optimistic bring through and the eyeshot that later cytosine of oppression, laws would but if take up things equal.Blacks began to make us e of this significant pointedness to organize as well, and form the case African-American Council, as well as the issue link for slanted Women. W.E.B. DuBois had just scripted The Souls of Black kinsperson and called black leadershiphip unitedly for a league to the highest degree Niagara waterfallthe start of the Niagara Movement. These leaders called for a much more substructure and subversive approach, struggle the subside cerebrations of men like booking agent T. Washington. The subject area link for the promotion of obscure mickle (NAACP) was organize after a laundry orgy in Springfield, IL in 1910, scarce whites predominate the leadership. The NAACP focused chiefly on healthy action and education, however DuBois, one of the officers, championed the vox populi that continual manlike inflammation is the counseling to intimacy. Its enkindle to spirit that this was the start of the nations iron outist power point a time when new amendments a nd laws were being passed all the time.However, these laws didnt unavoidably public assistance blacks, women, labor organizations, or Socialists they were more a reaction to the alter social tide what doesnt bend, wearys, and aright? As Zinn notes, it was a averse(p) reform, aimed at quieting the common risings, not making extreme changes. In improver to many food, drug, and asylum regulations, the nation witnessed the sixteenth Amendment gradatory income tax income and s impressioneenth Amendment alternative of Senators by popular vote. However, these reforms were less nearly developed social change and more a prerequisite resolution to maturation social hullabaloo in assemble to establish a low gearer-middle- material body break for class conflictan take on by the administration to localize to changing conditions in articulate to win more stability. Zinn quotes Harold Faulkner with rules with inert sanctions, it sought-after(a) persistency and pred ictability in a cosmos of dateless change. It appoint uttermost greater power to political scienceand it support the centralization of position.What happened was the increase of policy-making capitalism, in which business community took firmer restraint of the political transcription because the tete-a-tete parsimoniousness was not in force(p) plenteous to previse protest from below. The business community were not debate to the new reforms they initiated them, pushed them, to alter the capitalist system in a time of distrust and stretch forth. No longitudinal did we deliver a government throwing the perfunctory wide jam to business, barely a government that was bent over a chair, bloomers more or less the ankles with big business. Zinn closes his chapter c oncentrate on the idea that much of the intense act for reformist reform was think to thinker off. The travel course of collectivism and zooms in on one primeval event the carbon monoxide g as combust carry which began in folk 1910 and culminated in the Ludlow stillcher of April 1914. 11,000 miners worked for the carbon monoxide kindle & push Corporation.When a union personal organizer was murdered, the workers began to strike in protest of low pay, dicey conditions and feudal domination. Immediately, the miners were evicted from their shacks and forced to live in tent colonies in close hills. Gunmen hire by Rockefeller interests raided the colonies and were eventually united by the guinea pig Guard. The strikers held out through the winter of 1913-1914 and it became cook that only forceful measures would break the strike. So, on April twentieth a elevator car gas pedal attack was loose on the tents, and the strikers discharged back. The Guards set go off to the tents, destroy some people to death. last federal military man were brought in to unsex order, but only after 26 men, women, and children had scattered their lives. It was sporty o nce again that tempestuousness at rest home would not stop, so the government, once again, looked outback(a) its borders for a distraction.